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Akwesasne Mohawk Casino
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Coordinates: 44°58′26″N74°39′49″W / 44.973972°N 74.663590°W 2 plots of land surveying.

Administration and community building of St. Regis Mohawk Reservation

St. Regis^[1]

St. Regis Mohawk Reservation is a MohawkIndian reservation in Franklin County, New York, United States. It is also known by its Mohawk name, Akwesasne. The population was 3,288 at the 2010 census.^[2] The reservation is adjacent to the Akwesasnereserve in Ontario and Quebec across the St. Lawrence River. The Mohawk consider the entire community to be one unit, and have the right to travel freely across the international border.

The reservation contains the community of St. Regis and borders the community of Hogansburg in the Town of Bombay.^[3] The Mohawk people dispute the Town of Bombay's claim to jurisdiction within the 'Bombay Triangle', as these lands are part of the 1796 Treaty with the United States and have never been diminished by the US Congress.

Under the terms of the Jay Treaty (1794), the Mohawk people may pass freely across the Canada–United States border. The two parts of the reservation are separated by the St. Lawrence River and the 45th parallel.

The Mohawk are one of the original Five Nations of the Iroquois League, historically based south of the Great Lakes and in present-day New York and Pennsylvania. This nation was located primarily in the Mohawk Valley and were known as the 'Keepers of the Eastern Door', prepared to defend the Iroquoian territory against other tribes located to the east of the Hudson River.

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The St. Regis Reservation, and the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal government, adopted gambling in the 1980s. It has generated deep controversy. Broadly speaking, the elected chiefs and the Mohawk Warrior Society have supported gambling, while some traditional leaders have opposed it. Today, the reservation is home to the Akwesasne Mohawk Casino, which has generated revenues for tribal welfare.

The elected tribal governments on the New York and Canadian sides and the traditional chiefs of Akwesasne often work together as a 'Tri-Council' concerning areas of shared interest, for example to negotiate land claims settlements with their respective national governments.

The Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe and the Mohawk people view the reservation as a sovereign nation. Under US treaty law, the federal government has jurisdiction over certain crimes on the reservation, but the Mohawk have their own police force for other cases.

Geography[edit]

The reservation is at the international border of Canada and the United States along the St. Live slot play in atlantic city. Lawrence River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Indian reservation has a total area of 21.0 square miles (54.4 km²). 19.0 square miles (49.1 km²) of it is land, and 2.0 square miles (5.3 km²) of it (9.76%) is water.^[2] It is bordered by the New York towns of Fort Covington (east), Bombay (south), Brasher (southwest), and Massena (west), and by the AkwesasneIndian Reserve to the north in the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The nearest city is Cornwall, Ontario, which lies 6 miles (10 km) to the northwest, across the Akwesasne Reserve.

History[edit]

Tribal Flag

The original settlement was known as Akwesasne, called Saint Régis by French Jesuit missionaries, after Jean François Régis, the priest canonized as a Catholic saint in 1737, who had expressed a desire to be a missionary to the Iroquois people.^[4] It was founded about 1755 by several Catholic Iroquois families, primarily Mohawk, who moved upriver from the mission village of Caughnawaga, Quebec (now known as Kahnawake). They were seeking better lives for their families, as they were concerned about negative influences of traders at Caughnawaga, who plied the Mohawk with rum. The Mohawk families were accompanied by Jesuit missionaries from Caughnawaga.^[5]

After the United States acquired this territory in settlement of its northern border, relations among the people and the varying jurisdictions became more complex. But according to the 1795 Jay Treaty settling the border, the Mohawk retained the right to travel freely over the border. Since the reservation was established, the Mohawk on both sides of the St. Lawrence River have lost land and been adversely affected by major infrastructure projects conducted by state and federal authorities. These include construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway, what is now known as the Three Nations Crossing bridge, and dams on the rivers for hydroelectric power projects.

Since 1762, mills and dams were built by private, non-Native interests on the St. Regis River at what developed as the village of Hogansburg. It is now within the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation. In 1929 Erie Boulevard Hydropower built an 11-foot-high dam at the site to generate hydroelectric power. It disrupted the annual salmon fish run from the St. Lawrence, depriving the citizens of the reservation of one of their staple foods, and adversely affecting the populations of salmon and other migratory fish. By 2010 the dam had become uneconomical. It would have cost too much to upgrade, which would have included current requirements to provide for fish passage in efforts to preserve the species. The owner gave up its federal license.^[6]

The Saint Regis Mohawk Tribal government applied to the Federal Energy and Regulatory Commission (FERC) to take over and dismantle the dam, which they did in 2016. Based on restoration of fisheries after such dam removals in other locations across the country, they are optimistic that salmon and other migratory fish, such as walleye, will quickly return to the region. Thus 275 miles of the St. Regis River has been reopened to migratory fish that spend part of their lives in the Atlantic Ocean.^[6]

Akwesasne Mohawk Casino

In 2013 the tribe received a $19 million settlement from 'GM, Alcoa, and Reynolds for pollution of tribal fishing and hunting grounds along the St. Lawrence River'.^[6] The companies have undertaken cleanup of the pollution. The tribe intends to use this money to redevelop the former dam site as 'the focus of a cultural restoration program that will pair tribal elders

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